OINA, just muslces

biceps brachii
biceps femoria
brachioradialis
deltoid

external oblique
internal oblique
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae

gluteus medius
gastrocnemius
platysma
soleus
serratus anterior
scalenes

subscapularis
tensor fascia late
transversus abdominus
occipitofrontalis
orbicularis oris

sternocleidomastoid

Tight Junction

intracellular junction, adhrein

Tissue

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8uXewS9dJU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7z2vYr5YjD8

Integumentary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integumentary_system

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_integument.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUDKQERJ4nw

Muscle Actions/ Flashcards

http://www.flashcardmachine.com/2185942/6kp4


Muscle Action List

What is spagetti technique in surgery?

Abstract

Long appendices and gallbladders may be difficult to remove during laparoscopy. In this report, we describe a novel technique by which the gallbladder or appendix is held at the tip with a grasper and rolled on to it like “spaghetti.” We found this technique very useful in improving the traction and stability of the organs in order to facilitate dissection.

What is the hypothalamus?

The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).

What is a Whipple operation?

In the Whipple operation the head of the pancreas, a portion of the bile duct, the gallbladder and the duodenum is removed. Occasionally a portion of the stomach may also be removed. After removal of these structures the remaining pancreas, bile duct and the intestine is sutured back into the intestine to direct the gastrointestinal secretions back into the gut.

Carbohydrates

http://www.livestrong.com/article/133227-what-are-3-types-carbohydrates/
types of carbohydrates:
sugar, starches, glycogen, cellulose

pH Scale

InOrganic Compound FlashCards

http://quizlet.com/10241769/common-inorganic-compounds-flash-cards/

InOrganic Compounds

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds

Structure of Water

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookchem2.html

human cell drawing

A good way to study these funny looking things is to draw them ;)
LS

hands on studying

getting together with a group to study
good idea to review together, get it all in my head as many ways as possible!

Objectives Set 2

Objective set 2

Chapter 2

Chemistry (Lecture notes):

1. Know the chemical formula of water.
2. What is meant by the phrase, “water is a polar molecule?
3. Water is a polar molecule, why is this important?
4. Why is water a good solvent?
5. What kinds of molecules can dissolve in water?
6. What is meant by the term hydrophilic?
7. What kinds of molecules is water not a good solvent for?
8. What does the term hydrophobic mean?
9. Why is water important in some chemical reactions?
10. Define the term hydrolysis.
11. What is meant by the phrase “high heat capacity?
12. Why is this property of water (high heat capacity) important as far as life is concerned?
13. Give some examples of how water is used as a lubricant in your own body.
14. What is the definition of an inorganic compound? Give some examples.
15. What is the definition of an organic compound? Give some examples.
16. What happens to inorganic acids, bases and salts when placed in water?
17. Know and understand the pH scale.
18. Be able to identify a solution, which has an acidic, basic or neutral pH.
19. What is a mixture?
20. What are the four major types of organic molecules found in the body?
21. What property of carbon makes it a good atom to form complex molecules?
22. What is the definition of a macromolecule?
23. What are the three (3) major groups of carbohydrates?
24. Define the terms monosaccharides, disaccharide and polysaccharide.
25. What are the functions of carbohydrates in the body?
26. What is glycogen?
27. Name and describe the three (3) major types of lipids discussed in lecture.
28. Name some important functions of lipids in the body.
29. What are some functions of proteins in the body?
30. What is subunit or monomer that makes up proteins?
31. What type of bond holds amino acids together?
32. What are the four levels of structural organization of proteins?
33. Why is structure important in proteins?
34. What is an enzyme? What does it do and how does it function?
35. Why are they important in the human body?
36. What does DNA stand for? What does RNA stand for?
37. What are these two molecules composed of?
38. What is the function of nucleic acids?
39. What is ATP and what is it used for in the cell?

Objectives Set 1

Objective set 1

Chapter 1

Introduction and Homeostasis (Lecture notes):

1. Define the term anatomy.
2. Define the term physiology.
3. What does the phrase, “form follows function” mean?
4. Name and describe the seven (7) levels of structural organization covered in lecture.

5. What are the seven (7) different characteristics that describe life?
6. Define the term homeostasis.
7. What is meant by the term “dynamic equilibrium”?
8. Describe the concept of homeostasis using blood glucose levels as an example.
9. What is the percentage of fluid in a typical adult human body?
10. How many liters of fluid are typically found in an adult human body?
11. Describe the different body fluid compartments and what proportion of the total body fluids is found in each compartment.

12. What is intracellular fluid?
13. What is extracellular fluid and name the compartments it is subdivided into.
14. What fluid compartment does your body have the most direct control over?
15. Name and describe the three (3) components found in a typical control mechanism.

16. Give some examples of a receptor.
17. What is the function of the control center?
18. What is the function of an effector? Give some examples.
19. Describe the overall process of the control of homeostasis as illustrated in figures 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 of your textbook.

20. Name two kinds of control systems. Give some examples of each type (see figures 1.3 & 1.4)

21. Describe the difference between the two types of control systems.
22. Which system is the most common in the human body?
23. What are the two major organ systems that regulate and control body activities?
24. Describe the general characteristics of each organ system.
25. Name and give a short description of the function of the eleven (11) major organ systems of the human body (table 1.2).

26. Be able to name and identify the following body regions (Figure 1.5):
    1. Head (cephalic)
    2. Neck (cervical)
    3. Chest (thoracic)
    4. Trunk
    5. Abdomen
    6. Pelvis
    7. Pubis (pubic)
    8. Back (dorsal)
    9. Loin (lumbar)
    10. Buttock (gluteal)
    11. Upper limb
    12. Lower limb

27. Be able to name and describe the following directional terms (Figure 1.6):
    1. Lateral
    2. Medial
    3. Contralateral
    4. Ipsilateral
    5. Proximal
    6. Distal
    7. Superior
    8. Inferior
    9. Superficial
    10. Deep
    11. Anterior
    12. Posterior
    13. Cephalic (cranial)
    14. Caudal

28. Be able to name and describe the following planes and sections (Figure 1.7 & 1.8):
    1. Frontal plane
    2. Transverse plane (cross section, horizontal plane)
    3. Parasagittal plane
    4. Midsagittal plane
    5. Oblique plane
    6. Transverse section
    7. Frontal section
    8. Midsagittal section

29. Be able to name and describe the following body cavities (Figure 1.9):
    1. Dorsal body cavity
    2. Ventral body cavity
    3. Cranial cavity
    4. Vertebral canal
    5. Thoracic cavity
    6. Abdominopelvic cavity
    7. Abdominal cavity
    8. Pelvic cavity

30. Within the thoracic cavity be able to name and identify the following spaces (Figure 1.10):
    1. Mediastinum
    2. Pericardial cavity
    3. Right and left pleural cavities

Anatomical Terms/cards

T E R M  D E F I N I T I O N  T E R M  D E F I N I T I O N

AXIAL
Pertaining to the central part
of the body, the head
and trunk


Cephalic (se-FAL-ik)
Pertaining to the head

• Cranial
Pertaining to the portion of
the skull surrounding the
brain

• Facial
Pertaining to the face

• Frontal
Pertaining to the forehead

• Orbital
Pertaining to the eye

• Otic (OH-tik)
Pertaining to the ear

• Nasal
Pertaining to the nose

• Buccal (BUCK-al)
Pertaining to the cheek

• Oral
Pertaining to the mouth

• Mental
Pertaining to the chin

• Occipital (ox-SIP-i-tal)
Pertaining to the back of
head

Cervical
Pertaining to the neck

Thoracic
Pertaining to the chest

• Sternal
Pertaining to the breast bone

• Pectoral
Pertaining to the chest

• Mammary
Pertaining to the breast

Abdominal
Pertaining to the abdomen

• Umbilical (um-BIL-ih-cal)
Pertaining to the navel

• Coxal (COX-al)
Pertaining to the hip

Pelvic
Pertaining to the pelvis

• Pubic (PYOO-bik)
Pertaining to the genital area

Dorsal
Pertaining to the back

• Scapular
Pertaining to the shoulder
blade region

• Vertebral (ver-TEE-brul)
Pertaining to the spinal
column

• Lumbar
Pertaining to the area of the
back between the lowest
rib and buttocks.


APPENDICULAR
Pertaining to the extremities or limbs


Upper Limb (Appendage):

• Acromial (a-KROM-ee-al)
Pertaining to the highest point
of the shoulder

• Axillary (AX-il-ary)
Pertaining to the armpit

• Brachial (BRAY-key-ul)
Pertaining to the arm

• Antecubital (an-tehKYOO-bi-tul)
Pertaining to the anterior
(front) surface of the elbow

• Olecranal (oh-LEK-ra-nul)
Pertaining to the posterior
(back) surface of the elbow

• Antebrachial
Pertaining to the forearm

• Carpal
Pertaining to the wrist

• Manual
Pertaining to the hand

• Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of
the hand

• Digital
Pertaining to the digits (fingers)

Lower Limb (Appendage)
• Inguinal (ING-won-ul)
Pertaining to the groin where
the thigh attaches to the
pelvis

• Gluteal (GLUE-tee-ul)
Pertaining to the buttocks

• Femoral (FEM-or-ul)
Pertaining to the thigh

• Patellar (pa-TEL-ur)
Pertaining to the anterior
(front) surface of the knee

• Popliteal (pop-lih-TEE-ul)
Pertaining to the posterior
(back) surface of the knee

• Crural (CROO-rul)
Pertaining to the anterior
(front) surface of the leg

• Fibular (FIB-you-lur) or
peroneal (peh-RONE-ee-ul)
Pertaining to the lateral side
of the leg

• Sural (SIR-ul)
Pertaining to the posterior
(back) surface of the leg

• Tarsal (TAR-sul)
Pertaining to the ankle

• Pedal
Pertaining to the foot

• Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of foot

• Calcaneal (kal-KANE-ee-ul)Pertaining to the heel
• Digital
Pertaining to the digits (toes)

http://www.flashcardmachine.com/2167929/8xd4

Allen, Connie; Harper, Valerie (2010-12-23). Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Edition (Page 2). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Kindle Edition.

muscle action-action only

repetition! take 2, action!

BICEPS BRACHII
action: flexion of arm


BICEPS FEMORIS
action: flexion of the leg with thigh extension


BRACHIORADIALIS
action: flexion of forearm

DELTOID
action: compresses abdomen and flexes spine

INTERNAL OBLIQUE
action: compresses abdomen and spine

LATISSIMUS DORSI
action:extends, adducts, medially rotates humerous

LEVATOR SCAPULAE
action: elevates scapula

GLUTEUS MEDIUS
action: abducts and medially rotates femur

GASTROCNEMIUS
action:flexes leg; plantar flexes foot

PLATYSMA
action:depression of mandible

SOLEUS
action:plantar flexes foot

SERRATUS ANTERIOR
action:rotates scapula

SCALENES
action:assists in inspiration

SUBSCAPULARIS
action:medially rotates humerus

TENSOR FASCIA LATE
action:abduction of thigh

TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS
action: compresses abdomen

OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
action: draw scalp anteriorly/ posteriorly

ORBICULARSIS ORIS
action: closes and protrudes the upper lips for kissing

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
action: flexes neck

ch.2

Second day class

Quadrants

regions

challenges homeostasis:stress, sick, stabbed, PHYSICAL INSULTS

CHANGES IN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS

effector

receptor

control mechanism

ex:brain, nerves,reaction

positive feedback

neg feedback

contraction of the uterus- pos feedback

glucose levels too high, insulin created more of

ATP also ex.

*3 aspects of a control mechanism:

receptor

control center

effector

*2feedback

pos

neg

diabetes not a pos neg feedback system, for our purposes-

ex: Chevy volt stops making Chevy volt because they can not sell them

characteristics of life

metabolism

catabolism

...etc

review of anatomical terms from yesterdays lab

review of views

planes

ch 2

chemical level organization

protons +

neutrons

electrons -

electron cloud model

electron shell model

orbital model theory of electrons, look up more later...

periodic table

trace elements

atoms

protons and neutrons

electrons

mass differential

ions

important for body for cell walls, SIGNALS

change in electrical gradients

potassium low after exercise

eat a banana

pace maker ex. Of thrown off electrical circuits of heart

molecule

combination of elements

valence electrons

electron furthest out

ionic bonds

are between two charged ions

CATIONS

positive charged ion

ANIONS

neg charged ion

ionic bond formation

covalent bond

sharing valence electrons

holding hands, not taking hand

stealing other weak atom electron to stronger atom is POLAR

polar

H2O

atoms share electrons Unequally

one atom has a higher electronegativity than another

non polar covalent bonds

atoms share electrons equally

nonpolar covalent bonds are the most common types

hydrogen bonds

WEAK

weak interactions (approx 5% as strong as covalent bonds) b/t hydrogen and adjacent electronegative atoms like: O S N

H-bonding results from partial charges residing on certain electronegative

…

chemical bonds

are constantly created and broken during chem reactions , all require energy

metabolism

sum of all the chem reactions in the body

law of conservation

total mass of reactions equals the total mass of the products

chem reactions

energy:

-transformed or changed form during chem reaction

forms of energy

kinetic energy

vs

potential energy

other forms? Thermal energy, chem energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, solar energy...

types of chem reactions

exergonic-releasing energy

vs

endergonic-adding energy

energy molecule: ATP

exo-heat thermal

chem reaction

activation

energy required!

Energy of the reactants is higher than the energy of the products***test

another ex of activation energy

friction lighting match

catalysts

enzyme

lowers the activation energy

ENZYME PRIME EX IN BODY OF CATALYSTS

catalysts not consumed with the reaction

they enable the reaction to occur easier

chem reaction

synthesis reaction ->anabolic, building up

decomposition reaction → catabolism, break down

reactions and equilibrium video

inorganic and organic compounds**

org always have carbon

in org usually lack sodium chloride potassium

water

inorganic

most common and abundant

sodium and chloride ions dissolve in the polar water molecules

why like magnets?

Partially charged!!

solvent dissolves-water

solute-salt,ex

hydrophilc-likes water

hydrophobic-doesnt like water, phobia, fear

like dissolves like!

NaCl and H20 are polar, like dissolves like

fats dont want to dissolve in water, no polarity

water special properties

surface tension

high heat capacity

high heat vaporization, sweating

mixture

solution

acids bases and buffers

human body needs balance of acids and bases to keep 7.4pH

[H+] is concentration

log is logarithmic scale, by 10s

scales runs from 0 to 14

acid has pH of , gives off hydrogen?

bases has pH of - takes in hydrogen

pH, log scale, not a linear scale

the neg in the formula the lower the number, the higher the concentration or [H+]

a log change of 2 or 3 pH units represents a change in the [H+] of 100 or 1000

above 7 pH is ACIDIC

below 7 pH is BASEic

buffer system

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

h2co3 is the carbonic acid

HCO3 is the bicarbonate ion

lactic acid build up is what makes you sore after you exercise

[attendance]

hands on studying

I'm making Chapter One Review Flashcards this morning.
Takes longer than cut and paste but its better for familiarizing myself with the information.

Muscle Actions

repetition! take 1, action!

BICEPS BRACHII
origin: suraglenoid tubercle, coroid process of scapula
insertion: radial tuberosity of radius
innervation:musculocutaneous
action: flexion of arm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps


BICEPS FEMORIS
origin: ischial tuberosity, linea aspera of femor
 insertion: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
innervation: tibial and fibular nerves
action: flexion of the leg with thigh extension
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps_femoris


BRACHIORADIALIS
origin: lateral border of distal end of humerous
insertion:superior to styloid process of radius
innervation: radial nerve
action: flexion of forearm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachioradialis


DELTOID
origin: acromion of scapula, spine of scapula
insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerous
innervation: axillary nerve
action: abducts, flexes, extends medial and lateral rotates humerous
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_muscle


INTERNAL OBLIQUE
origin:illiac crest, inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fascia
insertion: cartliage of ribs 7-10, linea alba
innervation: thoraic nerves (T8-T12), iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve
action: compresses abdomen and spine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_oblique

LATISSIMUS DORSI
origin:spinal processes T7-L5, lumbar vertebrae, crests of sacrum, illium
insertion:intertubercular sulcus of humerous
innervation:thoracodorsal nerve
action:extends, adducts, medially rotates humerous
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi


LEVATOR SCAPULAE
origin:transverse processes of C1-C4
insertion:superior vertebral border of scapula
innervation: accessory (XI) and cervical spinal nerves C3-C5
action: elevates scapula
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_scapulae


GLUTEUS MEDIUS
origin: illium
insertion: greater trochanter of femur
innertion:superior gluteal nerve
action: abducts and medially rotates femur
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluteus_medius


GASTROCNEMIUS
 origin:later and medial condyles of femur and capsule of kneww
insertion: calcaneus by way of achilles tendon
innervation:tibial nerve
action:flexes leg; plantar flexes foot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocnemius


PLATYSMA
origin:fascia over deltoid and pectoralis major muscles
insertion:mandible
innervation:facial (VII) nerve
action:depression of mandible
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platysma


SOLEUS
head of fibula and medial border of tibia
insertion: calcaneus by way of achilles tendon
innervation: tibialnerve
action:plantar flexes foot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleus


SERRATUS ANTERIOR
origin:superior eight or nine ribs
insertion:vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
innervation:long thoracic nerve
action:rotates scapula
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratus_anterior


SCALENES
origin:transverse process of C3-C6
insertion: 1st and 2nd rib
innervation:cervical spine nerve
action:assists in inspiration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalenes


SUBSCAPULARIS
origin:subscapular fossa of scapula
insertion:lesser tubercle of humerus
innervation:upper and lower subscapular nerve
action:medially rotates humerus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscapularis


TENSOR FASCIA LATA
origin: illiac crest
insertion: tibia
innervation:superior gluteal nerve
action:abduction of thigh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_fascia_lata


TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS
origin:illiac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia
insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, pubis
innervation: thoracic spinal nerves (T8-T12), iliohypogastric nerve, ilioguinal nerve
action: compresses abdomen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_abdominis


OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
origin: epicranal aponeurosis, occip[ital bone, mastoid process of temporal bone
insertion: epicranial aponeurosis, skin superior to suborbital margin
innervation: facial (VII) nerve
action: draw scalp anteriorly/ posteriorly
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipitofrontalis


ORBICULARIS ORIS
origin: muscle fiber surrounding mouth
insertion: skin at corner of mouth
innervation: facial (VII) nerve
action: closes and protrudes the upper lips for kissing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oris


STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
origin: manubrium of sternum, medial third of clavicle
insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone
innervation: accessory (XI) nerve
action: flexes neck
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid

ch. 1/cards

CHAPTER ONE
NOTES in FLASH CARD form!
[These are not all definitions but can be useful non the less.]

Intro.

I am posting this page to assist me in studying for the great expanse of Anatomy and Physiology that I must fit into my head in order to better understand the human body.

No promises on new updates, life gets busy but I'll do my best.

-McLaraSophia-