ch.2

Second day class

Quadrants

regions

challenges homeostasis:stress, sick, stabbed, PHYSICAL INSULTS

CHANGES IN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS

effector

receptor

control mechanism

ex:brain, nerves,reaction

positive feedback

neg feedback

contraction of the uterus- pos feedback

glucose levels too high, insulin created more of

ATP also ex.

*3 aspects of a control mechanism:

receptor

control center

effector

*2feedback

pos

neg

diabetes not a pos neg feedback system, for our purposes-

ex: Chevy volt stops making Chevy volt because they can not sell them

characteristics of life

metabolism

catabolism

...etc

review of anatomical terms from yesterdays lab

review of views

planes

ch 2

chemical level organization

protons +

neutrons

electrons -

electron cloud model

electron shell model

orbital model theory of electrons, look up more later...

periodic table

trace elements

atoms

protons and neutrons

electrons

mass differential

ions

important for body for cell walls, SIGNALS

change in electrical gradients

potassium low after exercise

eat a banana

pace maker ex. Of thrown off electrical circuits of heart

molecule

combination of elements

valence electrons

electron furthest out

ionic bonds

are between two charged ions

CATIONS

positive charged ion

ANIONS

neg charged ion

ionic bond formation

covalent bond

sharing valence electrons

holding hands, not taking hand

stealing other weak atom electron to stronger atom is POLAR

polar

H2O

atoms share electrons Unequally

one atom has a higher electronegativity than another

non polar covalent bonds

atoms share electrons equally

nonpolar covalent bonds are the most common types

hydrogen bonds

WEAK

weak interactions (approx 5% as strong as covalent bonds) b/t hydrogen and adjacent electronegative atoms like: O S N

H-bonding results from partial charges residing on certain electronegative

…

chemical bonds

are constantly created and broken during chem reactions , all require energy

metabolism

sum of all the chem reactions in the body

law of conservation

total mass of reactions equals the total mass of the products

chem reactions

energy:

-transformed or changed form during chem reaction

forms of energy

kinetic energy

vs

potential energy

other forms? Thermal energy, chem energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, solar energy...

types of chem reactions

exergonic-releasing energy

vs

endergonic-adding energy

energy molecule: ATP

exo-heat thermal

chem reaction

activation

energy required!

Energy of the reactants is higher than the energy of the products***test

another ex of activation energy

friction lighting match

catalysts

enzyme

lowers the activation energy

ENZYME PRIME EX IN BODY OF CATALYSTS

catalysts not consumed with the reaction

they enable the reaction to occur easier

chem reaction

synthesis reaction ->anabolic, building up

decomposition reaction → catabolism, break down

reactions and equilibrium video

inorganic and organic compounds**

org always have carbon

in org usually lack sodium chloride potassium

water

inorganic

most common and abundant

sodium and chloride ions dissolve in the polar water molecules

why like magnets?

Partially charged!!

solvent dissolves-water

solute-salt,ex

hydrophilc-likes water

hydrophobic-doesnt like water, phobia, fear

like dissolves like!

NaCl and H20 are polar, like dissolves like

fats dont want to dissolve in water, no polarity

water special properties

surface tension

high heat capacity

high heat vaporization, sweating

mixture

solution

acids bases and buffers

human body needs balance of acids and bases to keep 7.4pH

[H+] is concentration

log is logarithmic scale, by 10s

scales runs from 0 to 14

acid has pH of , gives off hydrogen?

bases has pH of - takes in hydrogen

pH, log scale, not a linear scale

the neg in the formula the lower the number, the higher the concentration or [H+]

a log change of 2 or 3 pH units represents a change in the [H+] of 100 or 1000

above 7 pH is ACIDIC

below 7 pH is BASEic

buffer system

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

h2co3 is the carbonic acid

HCO3 is the bicarbonate ion

lactic acid build up is what makes you sore after you exercise

[attendance]